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A Supreme Court Conversation

We Will Never Get Beyond Racism If We Perpetuate "Taking Account of Race"

Updated Thursday, June 28, 2007, at 7:21 PM ET

Dear Walter and Dahlia—

Walter's trenchant analysis makes it even more difficult for me to see in Justice Kennedy's opinion what I would like to see: the makings of a pragmatic but principled position between "color-blind Constitution" and "racial preferences forever."

(Justice O'Connor's halfhearted effort in Grutter to put a 25-year limit on such measures—now down to 21 years—is viewed with disdain by almost all who agree with today's four dissenters.)

And I certainly agree with Walter's point that the harm done by these programs to children (of all races) who lost out is dwarfed by the harm that was done to black children by racial apartheid.

But I am still hesitant to join the Walter-Dahlia consensus that these programs should have been upheld. Among my reasons:

  • Like Kennedy, I hate the idea of having to tell an impressionable child, "Sorry, you're the wrong color to get the school you want"—no matter how benign the rest of the sentence might sound.
  • It appears to me that the supposedly temporary and terribly corrosive chemotherapy of racial preferences and race-based policies are becoming more pervasive and entrenched in much of this country, in an era when they should be receding. We will never get beyond racism if we perpetuate "taking account of race."
  • I see no stopping point in the dissenters' arguments for perpetuating race-based governmental policies. Those arguments also seem hard to reconcile with the collection of decisions since Bakke in which the justices have subjected racial preferences to "strict scrutiny" and struck some of them down.
  • The decision sought by the dissenters might have fostered at least as much racial division and resentment as harmony.
  • As a matter of cost-benefit analysis, these plans impose serious costs on some individuals while doing very little good for anyone even on their own terms, because they produce only a tiny amount of incremental integration.
  • I think class-based plans would be work better.

But I need to reread these opinions (and maybe even the record) to figure out what I really think. For one thing, although everybody else seems to treat the Jefferson County and Seattle cases identically, the latter strikes me as far more flawed (and more pervaded by crude racial stereotyping) than the former. I reserve the right to move closer on further reflection to the positions that you have so eloquently advanced.

I have a less value-laden analysis of the probable impact of the decision, and the factual background, here.

Best,
Stuart

We Will Never Get Beyond Racism If We Perpetuate "Taking Account of Race"

Updated Thursday, June 28, 2007, at 7:21 PM ET
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Walter Dellinger is an attorney in Washington, D.C. and the Douglas B. Maggs professor of law at Duke. Dahlia Lithwick is a Slate senior editor. Stuart Taylor Jr. is a senior writer and columnist for National Journal magazine.
Illustration by Rob Donnelly. Photograph of Justice Antonin Scalia on Slate's home page by Alex Wong/Getty Images.
COMMENTS

Remarks from the Fray:

This decision is a disappointment. Not in its result, because I strongly believe this is the correct decision. What is disappointing is that the Supremes chose to issue another decision that doesn't announce a guiding principle, and which applies only the present case. This reminds me of a classic Calvin & Hobbes cartoon, in which our heroes created an army of Snow Goons to battle the evil Susie Derkins. But the Snow Goons eventually turn on Calvin & Hobbes. After finally defeating the Snow Goons, Calvin says to Hobbes, "Well, we sure learned a valuable lesson today. And that lesson is this: Snow Goons are bad news!" To which Hobbes replies, "That's a lesson that ought not to have any applicability elsewhere in life."

This is a Snow Goons decision. It stands for the extremely narrow proposition that school districts can forbid expressions that appear to advocate recreational drug use. What about other messages that are contrary to the educational mission of the school? We don't know, because the Supreme Court is only interested in resolving for us the extremely pressing issue of whether "BONG HiTS 4 JESUS" is acceptable speech in an educational environment. Heaven help any school administrator who looks to this decision for guidance. […] Next year's landmark decision: "METH 4 MOSES"

--CaLawyer

(To reply, click here.)

I'm not a constitutional scholar, but how can Dellinger say that there is no harm to the taxpayers in Hein, and so no standing? Isn't the precedent, upheld by the FEC ruling, that spending money is a form of speech? And so isn't saying it's okay to spend my tax money on something sort of a tacit way of saying I agree with or I approve of what it is being spent on? So if my tax money is being spent to support religious institutions that I don't support or agree with, isn't that a violation of my first amendment rights? I mean isn't the harm that the government is essentially forcing me to support particular religious institutions that I might not agree with? Or by Dellinger's argument, would my case only have merit if I argued that having to support a specific religious institution with my tax money was violating my freedom to practice religion (or not) in the way I want.

I realize that there's a potential problem with the argument I've laid out b/c it opens the door to saying that spending tax dollars on anything that I don't approve of is a violation of my right to free speech. But I would think that there's probably a fairly clear way to distinguish between spending in general and spending that targets only specific religious institutions. Also, my argument isn't that the court should necessarily find for the taxpayer group in this case, but that I think that if the legislature or the executive branch is going to ask me to contribute money to religious groups...then I should at least be able to have the judiciary decide if they're doing it in a constitutional way.

--SlateSurfer

(To reply, click here.)

It looks like the student made a minor mistake. Instead of unfolding the banner at or near the school grounds, he should have purchased 15 seconds of add time on the local TV station, with video showing the banner and a somber voice advising viewers to call the school principal and ask why he opposes the banner.

--rrfan

(To reply, click here.)

With regard to the 1st Amendment's Establishment Clause, Dellinger writes, "Government prayer, bad . . . private prayer, good." Where, pray tell, does Dellinger find a prohibition on "government" in the 1st Amendment? Of course "the government" can be petitioned for a redress of grievances, but the key word in the text is "Congress" -- not "the state" and not "the government". The amendment places a limit on the actions of Congress, not on "government" in general. And "Congress" means "Congress" -- it doesn't mean "the Executive branch" or anything else that isn't Congress.

--Tori_Fox-Hunter

(To reply, click here.)

The courts always have trouble with humor. They're serious places filled with serious people in serious clothes doing serious things. Judges demand - and expect -respect, and don't tolerate jokes. Even when they talk about humor, they fall back on Important Satirists like Jonathan Swift, and don't discuss the equally subversive, but much funnier, Moliere.

So Lenny Bruce gets convicted of obscenity and George Carlin gets banned from the airwaves, but the American Nazi Party can march in Skokie and Saving Private Ryan can go on network TV. And if you want to convince a court that your speech deserves protection, you're much better off if there's a serious purpose, no matter how odious, than if you're trying to be funny.

The thing is, the First Amendment doesn't say "Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of serious speech," or "core political speech" or anything like that. Still, just as Chief Justice Roberts interpolated a pro-drug message into a nonsense phrase, judges seem to interpolate seriousness language into the First Amendment. It makes me think that maybe, just maybe, we would have been better off if Ben Franklin had been involved in the drafting of the Bill of Rights, rather than the other, very serious Founding Fathers. He, at least, understood the value of a good joke.

--randy-khan

(To reply, click here.)

Both Walter and Dahlia are taking the position that it isn't at all clear that "Bong hits 4 Jesus" advocates for illegal drug use. Perhaps I'm being naive, but I personally can't think of anything that "bong hits" could be referring to except smoking marijuana. What else would a high school student possibly mean by that phrase? If Walter and Dahlia were right, it would mean that school administrators would be prohibited from making reasonable inferences about colloquial phrases, and only the most explicit endorsements of illegal activity could be prohibited. To take an example almost anyone would find offensive, what if a student wore a T-shirt depicting a hooded figure holding a noose with the phrase "string em up high", and claimed that its referring to a pinata; could that be prohibited pursuant to Walter and Dahlia's interpretation of the law?

--Aagcobb

(To reply, click here.)

Dellinger's argument that the other branches should have a coequal or similar authority to interpret the Constitution as the judiciary is a very bad argument. […] This presents a slippery slope to all sorts of bad consequences, including Executive officials feeling they have the right to disobey judicial interpretations of the Constitution as well as laws of Congress that they don't agree with-- even if the President signed those laws rather than vetoing them!

The Bush Administration has effectively demonstrated these problems to a greater extent than could ever be imagined. Attempts are made to rely on standing and jurisdiction doctrines to keep matters out of court, and then the Executive Branch comes up with completely unreasonable and ridiculous interpretations of the law that are insulated from challenge. Signing statements are used to neuter statutes that are signed into law by the President.

Chief Justice Marshall in Marbury v. Madison had it right. It is entirely the province of the judiciary to say what the law is. Any other approach leads to a potential dictatorship.

--Dilan Esper

(To reply, click here.)

(6/26)

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