As Tierney pointed out, anthropologists and other long-term observers in the field have questioned Chagnon's violence statistics. Tooby cites the anthropologist John Peters on Yanomami violence. Yet, as Tierney pointed out in his article, Peters himself states that the Mucajai Yanomamö—whom Chagnon described as demonstrating the most extreme form of "treachery"—had participated in only four raids in half a century.