Surprisingly, very little literature exists on lame-duck presidents apart from accounts of individual administrations. Three academic articles worth consulting are Kathryn Turner, "Federalist Policy and the Judiciary Act of 1801," the William and Mary Quarterly, January 1965; John Massaro, " 'Lame-Duck Presidents,' Great Justices?" Presidential Studies Quarterly Summer 1978; and Karen S. Johnson, "The Portrayal of 'Lame-Duck Presidents by the National Print Media," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Winter 1986. The author would also like to thank Matt Atlas of Columbia University for his help.