After the war, first West Germany and later the reunified German government issued payments to victims of Nazi persecution. For Jews, payment could be issued for suffering of all levels, from wearing the yellow star and internment in a ghetto, to deportation to a concentration camp, to death. But Nazi victims were also non-Jewish: forced laborers (from Eastern as well as Western European countries) in factories and on farms, slave laborers in concentration camps, political prisoners, gay men and lesbians, and those who experienced the horror of the Nazi medical-experimentation projects. The indemnity payments began soon after the war ended, and they have been revised and expanded again and again well into this century. All share something in common: To receive the reparations payments, it was necessary to demonstrate one's victimization—and a file from the International Tracing Service.