Is this a storm in a teacup, as the archbishop now claims? Was the “feeding frenzy” biased and unfair? Certainly, it is true that, since last Thursday, when Rowan Williams—the archbishop of Canterbury, spiritual leader of the Church of England, symbolic leader of the international Anglican Church—called for “constructive accommodation” with some aspects of sharia law and declared the incorporation of Muslim religious law into the British legal system “unavoidable,” practically no insult has been left unsaid.
One Daily Telegraph columnist called the archbishop’s statement a “disgraceful act of appeasement“; another called it a “craven counsel of despair.” An Observer columnist eruditely wondered whether the archbishop’s comment might count as a miracle, according to David Hume’s definition of a miracle as a “violation of the laws of nature,” while the notoriously sensationalistic Sun launched a campaign to remove the archbishop from office.
Feebly, the archbishop’s supporters have tried to defend him, reporting that he is “completely overwhelmed” by the hostility and “in a state of shock.” Arguing that his remarks were misunderstood, misinterpreted, and taken out of context, his office even took the trouble to publish them, both in lecture form and in a radio interview version, on his official Web site. I highly recommend a closer look. Reading them, it becomes instantly clear that every syllable of the harshest tabloid criticism is more than well-deserved. The archbishop’s language is mild-mannered, legalistic, jargon-riddled; the sentiments behind them are profoundly dangerous.
What one British writer called the “jurisprudential kernel” of his thoughts is as follows: In the modern world, we must avoid the “inflexible or over-restrictive applications of traditional law” and must be wary of our “universalist Enlightenment system,” which risks “ghettoizing” a minority. Instead, we must embrace the notion of “plural jurisdiction.” This, in other words, was no pleasant fluff about tolerance for foreigners: This was a call for the evisceration of the British legal system as we know it.
I understand, of course, that sharia courts vary from country to country, that not every Muslim country stones adulterers, and that some British Muslims volunteer to let unofficial sharia courts monitor their domestic disputes, which is not much different from choosing to work things out with the help of a marriage counselor. But the archbishop’s speech actually touched on something far more fundamental: the question of whether or not all aspects of the British legal system necessarily apply to all the inhabitants of Britain.
This is no merely theoretical issue either, since conflicts between sharia law and British law arise ever more frequently. One case currently before the British court of appeals concerns a learning-impaired man who was “married” over the telephone to a woman in Bangladesh. Though British law recognizes sharia weddings, just as it recognizes Jewish or Catholic weddings, this one, it has been argued, might be considered so “offensive to the conscience of the English court” that it cannot be recognized—unless, of course, the fact that the marriage is legal under Bangladeshi sharia law is the most important consideration. Meanwhile, police in Wales are dealing with an epidemic of forced marriages; honor killings remain a perennial problem; and British law has already been altered to accommodate “sharia mortgages.” The archbishop is absolutely right in his belief that a universalist, Enlightenment system—one in which the legitimacy of the law derives from democratic procedures, not divine edicts, and in which the same rules apply to everyone living in the same society—cannot easily accommodate all these different practices.
Many explanations for the archbishop’s statements have already been proffered: the weakness of the Church of England, the paganism of the British, the feebleness of Williams’ intellect, the decline of the West. At base, though, his beliefs are merely an elaborate, intellectualized version of a commonly held—and deeply offensive—Western prejudice: Alone among all the world’s many religious groups, Muslims living in Western countries cannot be expected to conform to Western law—or perhaps do not deserve to be treated as legal equals of their non-Muslim neighbors.
Every time police shrug their shoulders when a Muslim woman complains that she has been forced to marry against her will, every time a Western doctor tries not to notice the female circumcisions being carried out in his hospital, they are acting in the spirit of the archbishop of Canterbury. So is the social worker who dismisses the plight of an illiterate, house-bound woman, removed from her village and sent across the world to marry a man she’d never met, on the grounds that her religion prohibits interference. That’s why—if there is to be war between the British tabloids and the archbishop—I’m on the side of the Sun.
