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explainer: Answers to your questions about the news.

How Hot Is Iraq?Why does everyone think it's 130 degrees?

By David Sessions
Posted Wednesday, Sept. 12, 2007, at 5:08 PM ET

Illustration by Mark Alan Stamaty. Click image to expand.

Yesterday, John McCain told supporters in Iowa that U.S. soldiers are "carrying 40 pounds of body armor in 130-degree temperatures." Run a quick Google News search, and you'll find numerous references to Iraq's sweltering "130-degree" weather. It's in the Philadelphia Daily News, the Providence Journal, the Tucson Citizen, Wired, and even on military blogs. But according to this government Web site, the highest temperature ever recorded in Asia is 124 degrees—in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. So, how hot does it really get in Iraq?

The temperature never breaks 130 degrees, according to official climate records. A 2007 Air Force Weather Agency report on Iraq's summer weather also marks the record at 124 degrees, with mean highs for July and August at 110 degrees. And Iraq is always dry, so the heat index won't be much higher than the actual temperature.

Then why do so many people talk like 130-degree temperatures are a daily occurrence in Iraq? Bad equipment, for one thing. Soldiers and travelers often measure the temperature with personal thermometers, which tend to give inaccurate readings. Command posts sometimes place thermometers on their outside walls or other locations within their encampments, but these thermometers are also cheap and unscientific; one solider described them as the kind of thing you'd pick up from Wal-Mart or see in someone's garden.

But even a perfectly functioning thermometer, if placed on a solid surface, is likely to deliver higher readings than one set up in an open, breezy area. In general, a solid object absorbs more heat than an equivalent volume of air and can rise to a higher temperature given the same amount of sunlight. An instrument placed on sand or concrete will absorb heat from that surface—obscuring (and inflating) the actual air temperature. So, depending on where it's sitting, a surface thermometer can be off by more than 10 degrees. That's why professional meteorologists prefer to measure the temperature in a ventilated location, and never set up their instruments on heat-conducting surfaces like sand, concrete, or asphalt.

Got a question about today's news? Ask the Explainer.

Explainer thanks Bret Hayworth of the Sioux City Journal, Paul Rieckhoff of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America, and Scott Stephens of the National Climatic Data Center. Thanks also to reader Dave Anderson for asking the question.

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Related in Slate

In 2002, Scott Shuger concluded that we put off the Iraq invasion until after the summer because of the heat. Inigo Thomas sized up Afghanistan's infamously capricious weather. Eric Klinenberg examined why American's don't care about heat-wave deaths. Daniel Engber called for the death of the "wind chill" and explained how the heat index works. He also went over how heat kills you. Seth Stevenson critiqued online forecast services.

David Sessions is a former Slate intern.

Illustration by Mark Alan Stamaty.

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Remarks from the Fray:

It may well be true that under controlled "scientific" measurement conditions, Iraq's high summer temperatures do not often exceed 125 degrees F, though I recall times during my time there when even the 'official' highs exceeded these levels. However, I certainly know from personal experience that in many conditions to which the troops (and civilians) both Iraqi and foreign are routinely subject the actual temperature in which they work is much higher. These include being in enclosed vehicles or unairconditioned buildings, standing or fighting in the sun, wearing protective gear, or flying in helicopters or fixed wing aircraft. These conditions no doubt do not qualify as 'official' measurements of temperature maxima or enter into meteorological record books, but they are what people - American or Iraqi -- have to operate in there.

--nelsontouch

(To reply, click here.)

(9/12)

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