Racial attitudes changed dramatically in the following years, though, and marketing concepts that were viable in the '50s soon became toxic. Bannerman clearly created something Golliwoggish when she illustrated the story, published in 1899, and well after the book lost its place in the kiddie canon, Sambo endured as a racial slur. So, as Sambo's Restaurant expanded and moved East in the '70s, the chain came under attack by state chapters of the NAACP, which had been protesting racism in popular culture since D.W Griffith's Klan-sympathetic film Birth of a Nation. In some states, Sambo's became No Place Like Sam's, but the controversy, plus serious fiscal mismanagement, doomed the company, which peaked in size with 1,200 restaurants. Today, there's is just one Sambo's left, the original in Santa Barbara, Calif.