The latest issue of Foreign Policy includes a study by Minxin Pei, a scholar with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, who has examined all 16 "nation-building" efforts in U.S. military history. Of the 16 campaigns, 12 were done unilaterally, of which 10 failed. ("Success" is defined as the creation, or re-creation, of a democratic regime within 10 years.) "History suggests," Pei writes, "that multilateralism manages risk while unilateralism invites it."