Nationalistic anti-Semitism found its most famous expression in France’s Dreyfus Affair. In 1894, Alfred Dreyfus, a French army captain who was Jewish, was convicted of spying for Germany and sentenced to life in prison. Dreyfus fought the conviction and eventually, in 1906, was exonerated. But in the intervening years, the question of Dreyfus’ guilt split French opinion, and the so-called “anti-Dreyfusards” marshaled anti-Semitic arguments on their behalf, shocking the liberal Dreyfusards. The raw anti-Semitism voiced by Frenchmen, including intellectuals, clergymen, and state officials, made the Jews of France question whether they could feel at home even in what was supposedly the most enlightened of nations. The Dreyfus Affair also helped foster Arab anti-Semitism, because French culture exerted a strong influence on Christian Arabs in Lebanon.