What she did then: Brigadier General and commander, 800th Military Police Brigade, responsible for Abu Ghraib and 16 other detention facilities in Iraq

What she does now: Army Reserve colonel; private consultant in the civilian world

Reported involvement: Karpinski was a one-star general in charge of a military police brigade headquarters. Once in Iraq, her brigade came to include eight subordinate military police battalions responsible for 6,000 to 7,000 detainees. According to both the Taguba report and the Fay-Jones report, Karpinski failed to exercise the requisite control over these units and personnel and failed to respond adequately to indications of trouble. In her defense, Karpinski has said that she did not have the resources to manage the gargantuan task of handling the Iraqi detainees. One retrospective Army report agrees with her. The Army's law-of-war manual, however, states that a commander may be criminally culpable if she knew or should have known that her troops committed war crimes, and failed to take necessary and reasonable steps in response.

Punishment: The Army's inspector general found evidence that Karpinski had been derelict in her duties and that she had stolen a cosmetic item from a shop at MacDill Air Force Base in Florida in October 2002. Gen. Richard Cody, the Army's No. 2 general, issued her a formal reprimand. The Army also formally relieved her of command of the 800th MP Brigade in April 2005, and the president vacated her promotion to brigadier general, reducing her rank to colonel.

Photograph of Janice Karpinski by Robert Sullivan/AFP.