Convictions: Slate's blog on legal issues

Family-Friendly Firms? What About Family-Friendly Faculties?

Watching the debate on family-friendly firms, I can't help but think that the conversation's focus is a bit too narrow. 

A midlevel associate at a large law firm who moonlights as a father and husband, I'm familiar with the difficulty of maintaining "work-life balance." (I use that goofy term under protest.) That said, I've found that pursuit of partnership is no more daunting than pursuit of an academic post. Let me explain.

As much as I genuinely enjoy my job, I will confess that from time to time I've longed to pursue an teaching position. Such a move, however, seems almost impossible to pull off without imposing substantial burdens on my family. Because a fairly substantial body of written work is now a prerequisite to applying seriously for academic posts, a young associate's path to the ivory tower now nearly requires a one- or two-year stint in a research fellowship, "VAP," or other pre-teaching program. 

Thus, pursuit of an academic post requires, above all else, mobility—the ability to move among perhaps three cities in three years. Combine that with the financial burdens of spending one or two years in fellowships/VAPs and the geographical flexibility favored in the AALS "meat market," and you get a nightmare scenario for a young father or mother.

Granted, my observations are not from experience; I've not subjected myself to the trials of pursuing an academic post. That said, I'd be curious to see the demographic data on the last couple of years' hires. I would bet that the last few years' new professors tend not to have kids older than 3.  I would love to be proved wrong, but I strongly suspect that I'm right.

These family-unfriendly aspects of the teaching-job market don't strike me as nefarious; they're fairly predictable. After all, there are only so many teaching jobs to go around, so of course they'll go to the applicants best-suited to endure the trials necessary to build up CV and move to the available jobs.

Of course, such are the very reasons why big-city, high-salary law firms are relatively family-unfriendly: There are only so many jobs to go around, and the attorneys willing to put in the hours and effort are the ones who will collect the prestige and paychecks. People looking for less job responsibility can find it in smaller cities or in big-city firms with lighter workloads (and smaller paychecks). 

I've managed to find a job that offers me interesting work, good pay, and a manageable workload. I could move to a firm that pays more and expects more, or I could move to a firm (like the one pitched to me by a headhunter recently) that offers a much lighter workload with a concomitant reduction in pay. Neither option has tempted me.

What's the comparable set of options when it comes to the entry-level teaching market? I've not yet seen it.

Family Friendly Legal Practice: Why Not.

Phil—to echo Orin’s skepticism about part-time at law firms, I wonder whether flexibility isn’t actually part of the same phenomenon that also accounts for heavier and heavier workloads. While it’s true that firms are becoming more flexible in terms of part-time arrangements to accommodate working parents and flexible partnership tracks, isn’t a lot of this just a move toward an eat-what-you-kill system generally? The demise of lockstep for partnership, for instance, does mean people who take time off aren’t fired (so long as they are otherwise productive and valuable to the firm), but it also has meant longer probationary periods before partnership generally and the rise of a whole range of demi-partnership statuses (such as the somewhat puzzling status of “non-equity partner”—basically a glorified associate who gets to pay self-employment tax). Large firms now routinely fire or demote partners (technically vote them out of the partnership) who fail to perform to expectations; conversely, rainmakers demand salaries that rival those of investment bankers and necessitate higher billable-hours requirements across the board for associates and partners alike.

This has made things more equal in a sense because there’s less room for favoritism and gender bias in a world of ruthless competition and an unyielding focus on the bottom line—as any economist will tell you, highly competitive markets tend to punish irrational discrimination. But they reward rational discrimination. For women and men who want more time off, this means they can get whatever they can negotiate in a competitive market. Maybe this is better than a system where part-time is out of the question, but it’s not exactly “family friendly.” And even if you do take leave or swing a part-time schedule, the bottom line is still the bottom line: If you’re a partner, you can’t just take three months off and forget about your clients; if you’re an associate and you check out for three months, someone else is going to be doing all of what used to be your work (or at least all of your good work) when you get back, and you’ll have to scramble to make your billables. Obviously this all affects women disproportionately, but little of it is sex discrimination.

Official firm leave and part-time policies don’t mean much in this context—they set a tone, but in the end your schedule depends on your relationship to clients and partners. Suppose you go on paternity leave, and two weeks later a partner you enjoy working for asks if you can help out a little bit from home on an exciting new matter. “I just want to be sure you’re in the loop so when you get back from leave you can take the lead on this.” You could, of course, forbid this type of request and insist that parents take their leave. But is that really better for women? That partner is doing you a favor—she could have just gotten someone else who’s not on leave to take the case and they’d have the plum assignment. Ditto a long-hours assignment for someone supposedly working part time.

My wife for instance, who works for a large firm in San Francisco, was in the office a week after she gave birth to our daughter (and without an epidural, no less!). No one forced her to come in, and in fact, she was roundly chastised for it. A week later, a courier delivered five banker boxes of documents and a laptop to our home so she could keep up while out on “leave” (for the last two years she's also been "part time," which is roughly 40 hours a week, plus the inevitable weeks or months "from hell" when something explodes and she has to take care of it). Again, this was her decision—she’d have a job in three months even if she did no work on her leave. But there’s no way she can just come back to the same job she left while doing nothing—her clients and relationships require some ongoing maintenance, many of the relationships are personal and can’t be transferred back and forth, it takes time to get up to speed on a client’s portfolio, etc. If the firm had more people working on a given matter, one person could take up the slack for someone on leave without taking over entirely. But except for huge deals and make-or-break litigation, firms tend to staff leanly. Given the hourly rates big-firm attorneys charge, clients understandably demand it. And given the salaries attorneys earn, firms can’t afford to write off too much idle time.

So the bigger problem is, as Phil and Orin suggested, the general crazy upward spiral of salaries and hours. No one is really to blame for this—or everyone is. Maybe it’s a collective action problem—firms think they need to offer larger and larger salaries to get the best students out of law school; status-conscious law students think high salary is an indicator of prestige and pick firms accordingly, even though they’d prefer less pay and lower hours. If so, there should be solutions, such as the initiatives among law students to rate firms based on lifestyle and social responsibility in order to change what counts as high status. On the other hand, it could be that people like to complain about their hours, but in fact they prefer long hours and high salaries to the alternative (it might be a bit like airlines: Everyone gripes about the lousy amenities, delays, and tiny seats, but they choose almost exclusively based on price).

Gender and Subject Areas

Deb's post on "Women in Law" raises an interesting question about why different subject areas tend to have different gender ratios among law profs. I've wondered about this myself. For example, in my own area, criminal law and procedure, most of the junior hires at "top 10" law schools in the last few years have been women.  They include Jeannie Suk (Harvard), Erin Murphy (Berkeley), Rachel Barkow (NYU), Rachel Harmon (Virginia), and Eve Brensike Primus (Michigan). I'm not sure why that is, and it could just be a coincidence, but it's a pretty interesting trend.